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verbally simple

Толкование Перевод

1 verbally simple

мат. вербально простой

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > verbally simple
2 verbally simple

Математика: вербально простой

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > verbally simple
3 verbally simple

мат.

вербально простой

English-Russian scientific dictionary > verbally simple
4 verbally simple group

Математика: вербально простая группа

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > verbally simple group
5 verbally simple group

вербально простая группа

English-Russian scientific dictionary > verbally simple group
6 вербально простая группа

verbally simple group

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > вербально простая группа
7 вербально простой

verbally simple мат.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > вербально простой
8 group

1) группа, ансамбль || групповой

- finishing mill group
- roughing mill group
2) совокупность; комплект

3) группировка || группировать(ся)

4) группировочный

5) класс; категория || классифицировать; категоризировать

6) хим. остаток

7) сгусток; скопление

8) узел

9) матем. группа

group modulo one — группа по модулю единица

group over field — группа над полем

group over ring — группа над кольцом

group with division — группа с делением

group with multiple operators — группа с многоместными операторами, мультиоператорная группа

group with operators — группа с операторами

group with topology — группа с топологией

group with trivial center — группа без центра

group with zero — группа с нулем

group without center — группа без центра

group without operators — группа без операторов

group without small subgroups — группа без малых подгрупп

group without torsion — группа без кручения

invariance under group — инвариантность относительно группы

to group like terms — приводить подобные члены

- Abelian group

- abelianized group

- abhomotopy group

- absolute cohomology group
- absolute free group - absolute homotopy group - absolutely irreducible group - absolutely simple group
- abstract group

- additively free group
- additively written group - adele group - adelic group
- adelized group

- adjoint group

- adjusted group

- affine group

- age group

- algebraic group

- algebraically closed group
- algebraically compact group - algebraically simple group - almost connected group - almost cyclic group - almost ordered group - almost periodic group - almost simple group - alternating form group
- alternating group

- amalgamated group

- amenable group

- analytical group

- anharmonic group

- anisotropic group

- antiunitary group

- aperiodic group

- archimedean group

- arcwise connected group

- arithmetic group

- asystatic group

- automorphic group

- automorphism group

- autotopism group

- base group

- basic group

- betweennes group

- bicharacter group

- bicompact group

- bigraded group

- binary group

- bitransformation group

- bordism group

- boundary group

- bounded group

- braid group

- bundle group

- cancellation group
- cancellative group
- canonical transformation group

- case-shift code group
- cellular homology group
- central group

- centrally closed group

- chain group

- channel master group
- characteristically simple group
- circle group

- circular group

- classical group

- closed homology group

- cobordism group

- coboundary group

- cochain group

- cocyclic group

- code group

- coherent group

- cohomological group

- cohomology group

- cohomotopic group

- cohomotopy group

- collinear group

- collineation group

- color group

- commensurability group

- commutative group

- commutator group

- complemented group
- complementing group
- complete group

- complete monomial group
- completely anisotropic group - completely discontinuous group - completely divisible group - completely indecomposable group - completely integrally closed group
- complex group

- composite group

- conditionally complete group

- configuration group

- conformal group

- congruence group

- connected group

- continuous group

- contracted group

- contrahomology group

- control group

- coseparable group

- cotortion group

- countable group

- countably discrete group

- covering group

- critical group

- crystallographic group

- cubical homology group

- cuspidal group

- cycle group

- cyclically ordered group

- cycloidal group

- decomposable group

- decomposition group

- defect group
- deficient group
- degree of group

- dense group

- denumerable symmetric group

- derived group

- diagonal group

- diagonalizable group

- dicyclic group

- differentiable group

- differential group

- digit group

- dihedral group

- dihomology group

- dimensionless group

- direct cohomology group
- direct homology group - direct indecomposable group
- directed group

- directly indecomposable group

- discontinuous group

- discrete group

- discriminating group

- dispersible group

- displacement group

- distal group

- divisible group

- division closure group

- divisor group

- double group

- doubly covered group
- doubly transitive group
- dual group

- dyadic group

- dynamical group

- dynamical symmetry group

- edge group

- edge-path group

- effect group

- effective group

- effectively acting group

- elation group

- elementary group

- elliptic group

- embeddable group

- empennage group

- endomorphism group

- enlarged group

- entire group

- equationally compact group

- equiaffine group

- equicontinuous group

- equiform group

- equivalence group

- etale group

- exact symmetry group

- exceptional group

- existentially closed group

- exponent of group

- exponential group

- exponentiation group

- extended group

- extension group

- factor group

- factorizable group

- factorization of group

- field character group

- filtered group

- final group

- finite group

- finite-dimensional group

- finitely approximable group

- finitely cogenerated group
- finitely defined group - finitely generated group - finitely presented group - finitely related group - first homology group - first homotopy group
- four group

- four-dimensional group

- four-strand braid group

- free group

- freely acting group
- freely generated group
- frieze group

- full braid group

- full commutator group
- full linear group - full orthogonal group - full rotation group - full symmetric group - full unimodular group
- functional group

- functorial quotient group

- fundamental group

- fuzzy group

- gage group

- general group

- general linear group

- generalized group

- geometrical homology group

- global group

- grading group

- group of actions

- group of affine transformations

- group of automorhisms

- group of autoprojectivities

- group of boundaries

- group of circle-preserving transformations
- group of classes of algebras - group of covering transformations
- group of digraph

- group of dilatations

- group of displacements

- group of divisors

- group of dodecahedron

- group of endomorphisms

- group of extensions

- group of finite order
- group of finite rank
- group of fractions

- group of groups

- group of homothetic transformations

- group of ideals

- group of infinite cardinality
- group of infinite order - group of infinite rank - group of inner automorphisms
- group of integers

- group of invertible elements

- group of involutions

- group of isometry

- group of isotropy

- group of left quotients
- group of linear equivalence - group of linear forms - group of linear manifold
- group of map

- group of mapping

- group of motions

- group of numbers

- group of observations

- group of order

- group of plane rotations

- group of polarity

- group of prime residue classes
- group of principal ideles
- group of projection

- group of projectivities

- group of proper rotations

- group of quotients

- group of rational numbers
- group of real line - group of recursive permutations - group of right quotients
- group of self-equivalence

- group of similarities

- group of singular homologies

- group of six

- group of spectral homologies

- group of square

- group of substitutions

- group of symmetries

- group of transformations

- group of translations

- group of units

- group of vectors

- group of zeroids

- hidden symmetry group

- holonomy group

- homeomorphism group

- homogeneous group

- homologic group

- homomorphism group

- homothetic group

- homotopy group of spheres

- hyperbolic group

- hypercentral group

- hypercohomology group

- hyperelementary group

- hyperemetric topological group

- hyperexponential group

- hypermetric topological group

- hyperoctahedral group

- icosahedral group

- ideal class group
- idele class group
- idele group

- identity group

- image group

- imprimitive group

- indecomposable group

- indicable group

- individual trunk group

- inertia group

- infinite classical group

- infinite group

- infinite-dimensional group

- infinitely divisible group

- infinitesimal group

- injective group

- integrable group

- integral group

- internal symmetry group

- intransitive group

- intrinsic group

- invariance group

- inverse group

- irreducible group

- irregular group

- isometry group

- isomorphically embedded group

- isospin group

- isotrophy group

- iteration group

- kernel group

- large ramification group

- lattice-ordered group

- left group

- left transformation group

- left-ordered group

- Lie group

- limit group

- limiting group

- line group

- linear fractional group
- linearly ordered group - linearly transitive group
- little group

- local group

- locally almost periodic group
- locally bicompact group - locally closed group - locally compact group - locally connected group - locally cyclic group - locally defined group - locally embeddable group - locally finite group - locally free group - locally infinite group - locally nilpotent group - locally normal group - locally solvable group
- loose group

- lower basic group

- main group

- majority group

- massive group

- matrix group

- maximal group

- maximally valued group

- measurable group

- metabelian group

- metacyclic group

- metalinear group

- metanilpotent group

- metaplectic group

- metric group

- metrizable group

- minimal group

- mixed group

- modal group

- modular group

- modularity group

- modulus group

- monodromy group

- monogenic group

- monolithic group

- monomial group

- monothetic group

- multioperator group

- multiplicative group

- multiplicatively written group

- multiplier group

- multiplier of group

- multiply connected group
- multiply primitive group - multiply transitive group
- narrow group

- n-dimensional group

- n-dimensional homology group

- neighborhood group

- nested group

- n-fold transitive group

- n-generator group

- nil group

- node group

- Noether group

- noncommutative group

- noncommutative group

- noncompact group

- noncyclic group

- nondense group

- nonhomogeneous holonomy group

- nonintegrable group

- noninvariance group

- nonperiodical group

- nonsoluble group
- nonsolvable group
- nonspecial group

- non-special group

- nontrivial group

- norm group

- normal group

- n-ply transitive group
- n-th homotopy group
- nuclear group

- one-headed group

- one-parameter group

- operator-free group

- orderable group

- ordered homology group
- ordered pair group
- ordering of group

- oriented bordism group

- oriented homology group

- ornamental group

- orthochronous group

- outer group

- p-adic group

- pair group

- pairwise transitive group

- parabolic group

- paraconvex group

- parafree group

- parametric group

- parametrized group

- paramodular group

- parasolvable group

- partial group

- partially ordered group

- particle group

- p-divisible group

- perfect group

- period group

- permanent group

- permutable group

- permutably decomposable group

- permutation group

- permutation symmetry group

- phantom group

- phase group

- point group

- polycyclic group

- polyhedral group

- polynilpotent group

- power group

- presentation group

- primary group

- prime power group group
- principal congruence group
- profinite group

- projective group

- projective module group

- pronilponent group

- proper group

- properly discontinuous group
- properly orthogonal group - properly unimodular group
- pseudoconvex group

- pseudoorthogonal group

- pseudounitary group

- p-th group

- pulse group

- pure injective group
- pure projective group - pure rotation group - pure simple group
- quadratic group

- quadruply transitive group

- quasiaffine group

- quasiclinic group

- quasicompact group

- quasicyclic group

- quasidecomposable group

- quasidihedral group

- quasidual group

- quasiembedded group

- quasi-indecomposable group

- quasiinjective group

- quasiisomorphic group

- quasimotion group

- quasipure injective group
- quasipure projective group
- quasirotation group

- quasiseparable group

- quasisimple group

- quasisplit group

- quasitotal group

- quaternion group

- quintuply transitive group
- quotient divisible group
- quotient group

- radical group

- ramification group

- randomized group

- rational group

- real group

- rectangular group

- recursively presented group

- reduced group

- reducibly free group

- reductive group

- reflection group

- reflexive group

- relative cohomology group

- relative group

- relatively free group

- renormalization group

- representation group

- residually finite group
- residually nilpotent group - restricted holonomy group
- right group

- right transformation group

- right-ordered group

- rigid group

- rope group

- rosette group

- rotational group

- rotation-reflection group

- semidihedral group

- semielementary group

- semigroup group

- semilinear group

- semilocally simply connected group

- semiordered group

- semiorthogonal group

- semireductive group

- semiregular group

- semisimple group

- semisymmetric group

- semiuniform group

- set-transitive permutation group

- shape group

- sharply doubly transitive group
- sharply transitive group
- similarity group

- simplicial group

- simplicity of group

- simply continuous group
- simply ordered group - simply reducible group - simply transitive group - singular cogomology group - singular homology group
- six-parameter group

- slender group

- smooth group

- solenoidal group

- soluble group
- solvable group
- space group

- spherical group

- spinor group

- splittable group

- splitting group

- sporadic group

- square group

- stability group
- stable group
- standard group

- stationary group

- stochastic group

- strictly ordered group
- strictly transitive group - strongly polycyclic group
- structural group

- structurally ordered group

- structure group

- study group

- subabnormal group

- subdirectly irreducible group

- subinvariant group

- submonogenic group

- subnormal group

- subsoluble group
- subsolvable group
- substituent group

- substitution group

- superconformal group

- supersoluble group
- supersolvable group
- Sylow group

- symmetrical group

- symmetry group

- symplectic group

- tame group

- tangent group

- tetrahedral group

- three-digit group

- three-dimensional rotation group

- three-parameter group

- three-strand braid group

- topological group

- topologically complete group

- topologically isomorphic groups

- topologically solvable group

- topologized group

- toral group

- toroidal group

- torsion group

- torsion-free group

- torus group

- totally disconnected group
- totally ordered group - totally projective group - totally reducible group
- trace on group

- track group

- translation group

- transvection-rich group

- treatment combination group

- trellis group

- triad group

- triangle group

- triangulable group

- triangular group

- triangulated group

- triangulation group

- trigonalizing group

- triplewise group
- triply transitive group
- trunk group

- twisted group

- two group

- two-digit group

- two-dimensional group

- two-parameter group

- underlying group

- uniaxial group

- unicentral group

- unicoherent group

- uniformizable group

- uniformly decomposable group

- unifying group

- unimodular group

- unipotent group

- uniprimitive group

- unique group

- unirational group

- unit group

- unitarily restricted group
- unitary symmetry group - unitary transformation group
- unitriangular group

- universal group

- valuation group
- value group
- vector group

- verbally simple group

- vierbein group

- wallpaper group

- wave group

- weak cohomology group
- weak homology group - weakly mixing group
- weight group

- whole group

- zero-dimensional group

- zeroth group

English-Russian scientific dictionary > group
9 вербально простой

мат. verbally simple

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > вербально простой
10 вербально простая группа

Mathematics: verbally simple group

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вербально простая группа
11 вербально простой

Mathematics: verbally simple

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вербально простой
12 vivo

adj.

1 live, alive, living, above-ground.

2 lively, keen, alert, brisk.

3 bright, shining, vivid.

4 alive, passionate.

f. & m.

living person.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: vivir.

* * *

vivo

► adjetivo

1 (que tiene vida) living; (que está) alive

■ materia viva living matter

■ Pepe está vivo Pepe is alive

2 (fuego, llama) live, burning

3 (lengua) living

4 figurado (color etc) bright, vivid

5 figurado (animado) lively, vivacious

6 figurado (dolor, emoción, etc) acute, deep, intense

7 figurado (descripción etc) lively, graphic

8 figurado (carácter) quick, irritable

9 figurado (listo) quick-witted

10 figurado (astuto) shrewd, sly

11 figurado (llaga, herida) open

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 living person

■ los vivos the living

2 familiar figurado (astuto) quick-witted person

► nombre masculino vivo

1 COSTURA trimming, border

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a lo vivo vividly

de viva voz verbally, by word of mouth

en carne viva raw, red raw 2 figurado fresh

en vivo TELEVISIÓN live

al rojo vivo red-hot

herir a alguien en lo más vivo / tocar a alguien en lo más vivo figurado to cut somebody to the quick

¿quién vive? MILITAR who goes there?

ser el vivo retrato de / ser la viva imagen de familiar to be the spitting image of

tener el genio vivo to be quick-tempered

fuerzas vivas figurado driving forces

————————

vivo

► nombre masculino

1 COSTURA trimming, border

* * *

(f. - viva)

adj.

1) alive

2) lively

3) vivid

* * *
vivo, -a
1. ADJ

1) (=con vida)

a) [persona, animal] (tras sustantivo) living; (tras verbo) alive

los seres vivos — living beings

lo quemaron vivo — he was burned alive

se busca vivo o muerto — wanted, dead or alive

venden los cebos vivos — they sell live bait

b) [piel] raw

tenía la piel en carne viva — his skin was raw

me dio o hirió en lo más vivo — it cut me to the quick

a lo vivo —

le quitó la muela a lo vivo — he just pulled the tooth clean out

lo explica a lo vivo — he explains it very expressively

describir algo a lo vivo — to describe sth very realistically
cal, fuerza 5), lágrima, lengua 4)
2) (TV, Radio)

en vivo — (=en directo) live; (=en persona) in person

una transmisión en vivo desde el estadio — a live broadcast from the stadium

un espectáculo con música en vivo — a live music show, a show with live music

¿has visto en vivo a algún famoso? — have you ever seen anyone famous in the flesh?

3) (=intenso) [descripción] vivid, graphic; [imaginación, mirada, ritmo] lively; [movimiento, paso] quick, lively; [color] bright; [sensación] acute; [genio] fiery; [ingenio] ready; [inteligencia] sharp, keen; [filo] sharp

su recuerdo siempre seguirá vivo entre nosotros — her memory will always be with us, her memory will live on in our minds

- ser la viva imagen o el vivo retrato de algn
rojo 2., 1), voz 1)
4) [persona] (=listo) clever; (=astuto) sharp; (=animado) lively

pasarse de vivo — to be too clever by half *

2. SM/ F

1) *
(=aprovechado)
es un vivo — he's a clever one *, he's a sly one *

2)

los vivos — the living

3.

SM (Cos) edging, border

* * *
I
- va adjetivo

1)

a) ( con vida) alive

no quedó nadie vivo — no one was left alive

es una leyenda viva — he is a living legend

mantener vivo un recuerdo — to keep a memory alive

a lo vivo — (fam) without anesthetic*

en vivo — <actuación/transmisión> live

b) < lengua> living (before n)

2)

a) < persona> (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly; < descripción> vivid, graphic; <relato/imaginación> lively

b) < color> bright, vivid; <llama/fuego> bright; <ojos/mirada> lively, bright

c) <sentimiento/deseo> intense, strong

en lo más vivo: me hirió en lo más vivo he cut me to the quick; me afectó en lo más vivo — it affected me very deeply

3) (avispado, astuto) sharp

no seas tan vivo — don't try to be clever

esos vendedores son muy vivos — those salesmen are razor-sharp (colloq)
II
- va masculino, femenino ( oportunista) sharp o smooth operator (colloq); ( aprovechado) freeloader

* * *

= alive, live, living, vivid, quickened, vibrant + Color, bright [brighter -comp., brightest -sup.], living and breathing, surviving, walking, land of the living, the, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], shrewd [shrewder -comp., shrewdest -sup.].

Ex. Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but still to my mind an attractive and alive book.

Ex. By designing the floors to carry a superimposed live load of 6.5 kN/m2, it is easy to move bookshelves, reader places and other library functions to any part of the building.

Ex. Few librarians have had both his dedication and ability to make the catalog a living tool serving all of the people.

Ex. There are vivid examples of serious fires and other natural disasters occuring in libraries that cause incalculable financial and academic losses to society.

Ex. For a storyteller preparation is like rehearsal for an orchestra; there will be passages that need emphasis, and some that need a slow pace, others that need a quickened tempo, and so on = La preparación de un narrador de cuentos es como el ensayo de una orquesta; habrá pasajes que necesiten énfasis, otros un ritmo lento, otros un ritmo acelerado, etcétera.

Ex. The store was gutted and rebuilt, according to his specifications, into a beautiful, modern facility, decorated in vibrant hues and furnished with the latest Herman Miller offerings.

Ex. The openness of the now accessible stacks is emphasised by use of glass and bright colours.

Ex. They are more than simple documents -- they are living and breathing expressions of important ethical concerns.

Ex. Interviews were with a surviving next of kin or a nonrelative about three months after the event of death.

Ex. He is a walking history of modern librarianship and has been a mentor to many.

Ex. This is a review article on a book by Stephen M. Borish ' The Land of the Living'.

Ex. A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.

Ex. He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.

Ex. Payment is very important and can be a problem so the businessman needs to be streetwise and shrewd with a good business acumen.

----

* actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment.

* apagar la cal viva = slake + quicklime.

* a viva voz = open outcry.

* cal viva = quicklime.

* comerse Algo vivo, devorarse Algo = eat + Nombre + alive.

* concierto en vivo = live concert.

* continuar vivo = live on.

* cosa viva = living thing.

* de viva voz = orally, word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.

* el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo = dead men have no friends.

* entre los vivos = land of the living, the.

* en vivo = live-action, in vivo, live.

* imaginación muy viva = vivid imagination.

* leyenda vivida = living legend.

* llorar a lágrima viva = sob + Posesivo + heart out, cry + Posesivo + heart out, cry + uncontrollably.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, keep + Nombre + going.

* materia viva = living matter.

* monumento vivo = living monument.

* música en vivo = live music.

* no vivo = nonliving [non-living].

* organismo vivo = living thing.

* permanecer vivo = remain + alive.

* ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.

* publicación seriada viva = active serial.

* revista viva = active journal.

* rojo vivo = vibrant red, vermilion [vermillion].

* seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.

* sentirse vivo = feel + alive.

* ser un vivo retrato de = be a dead ringer for.

* servicio de referencia en vivo = live reference.

* ser vivo = sentient being.

* tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.

* viva + Nombre = long live + Nombre.

* vivos, los = living, the.

* * *
I
- va adjetivo

1)

a) ( con vida) alive

no quedó nadie vivo — no one was left alive

es una leyenda viva — he is a living legend

mantener vivo un recuerdo — to keep a memory alive

a lo vivo — (fam) without anesthetic*

en vivo — <actuación/transmisión> live

b) < lengua> living (before n)

2)

a) < persona> (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly; < descripción> vivid, graphic; <relato/imaginación> lively

b) < color> bright, vivid; <llama/fuego> bright; <ojos/mirada> lively, bright

c) <sentimiento/deseo> intense, strong

en lo más vivo: me hirió en lo más vivo he cut me to the quick; me afectó en lo más vivo — it affected me very deeply

3) (avispado, astuto) sharp

no seas tan vivo — don't try to be clever

esos vendedores son muy vivos — those salesmen are razor-sharp (colloq)
II
- va masculino, femenino ( oportunista) sharp o smooth operator (colloq); ( aprovechado) freeloader

* * *

= alive, live, living, vivid, quickened, vibrant + Color, bright [brighter -comp., brightest -sup.], living and breathing, surviving, walking, land of the living, the, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], shrewd [shrewder -comp., shrewdest -sup.].

Ex: Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but still to my mind an attractive and alive book.

Ex: By designing the floors to carry a superimposed live load of 6.5 kN/m2, it is easy to move bookshelves, reader places and other library functions to any part of the building.

Ex: Few librarians have had both his dedication and ability to make the catalog a living tool serving all of the people.

Ex: There are vivid examples of serious fires and other natural disasters occuring in libraries that cause incalculable financial and academic losses to society.

Ex: For a storyteller preparation is like rehearsal for an orchestra; there will be passages that need emphasis, and some that need a slow pace, others that need a quickened tempo, and so on = La preparación de un narrador de cuentos es como el ensayo de una orquesta; habrá pasajes que necesiten énfasis, otros un ritmo lento, otros un ritmo acelerado, etcétera.

Ex: The store was gutted and rebuilt, according to his specifications, into a beautiful, modern facility, decorated in vibrant hues and furnished with the latest Herman Miller offerings.

Ex: The openness of the now accessible stacks is emphasised by use of glass and bright colours.

Ex: They are more than simple documents -- they are living and breathing expressions of important ethical concerns.

Ex: Interviews were with a surviving next of kin or a nonrelative about three months after the event of death.

Ex: He is a walking history of modern librarianship and has been a mentor to many.

Ex: This is a review article on a book by Stephen M. Borish ' The Land of the Living'.

Ex: A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.

Ex: He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.

Ex: Payment is very important and can be a problem so the businessman needs to be streetwise and shrewd with a good business acumen.

* actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment.

* apagar la cal viva = slake + quicklime.

* a viva voz = open outcry.

* cal viva = quicklime.

* comerse Algo vivo, devorarse Algo = eat + Nombre + alive.

* concierto en vivo = live concert.

* continuar vivo = live on.

* cosa viva = living thing.

* de viva voz = orally, word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.

* el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo = dead men have no friends.

* entre los vivos = land of the living, the.

* en vivo = live-action, in vivo, live.

* imaginación muy viva = vivid imagination.

* leyenda vivida = living legend.

* llorar a lágrima viva = sob + Posesivo + heart out, cry + Posesivo + heart out, cry + uncontrollably.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, keep + Nombre + going.

* materia viva = living matter.

* monumento vivo = living monument.

* música en vivo = live music.

* no vivo = nonliving [non-living].

* organismo vivo = living thing.

* permanecer vivo = remain + alive.

* ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.

* publicación seriada viva = active serial.

* revista viva = active journal.

* rojo vivo = vibrant red, vermilion [vermillion].

* seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.

* sentirse vivo = feel + alive.

* ser un vivo retrato de = be a dead ringer for.

* servicio de referencia en vivo = live reference.

* ser vivo = sentient being.

* tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.

* viva + Nombre = long live + Nombre.

* vivos, los = living, the.

* * *

vivo¹ -va

adjective

A

1 (con vida) alive

[ S ] se busca vivo o muerto wanted, dead or alive

los mosquitos me están comiendo vivo ( fam); I'm being eaten alive by mosquitoes

no vimos ninguna serpiente viva we didn't see any live snakes

es ya una leyenda viva he is a legend in his own lifetime, he is a living legend

mantuvo viva su fé she kept her faith alive

a lo vivo ( fam); without anesthetic*

en vivo live

música en vivo live music

hicieron el programa en vivo they did the program live

2 ‹lengua› living ( before n)

el idioma sigue vivo the language is still alive

B

1 ‹persona› (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly

2 ‹descripción› vivid, graphic; ‹relato/imaginación› lively

aún tengo vivo en la memoria aquel momento I can still remember that moment vividly

3 ‹color› bright, vivid; ‹llama/fuego› bright rojo² (↑ rojo (2))

4 ‹ojos/mirada› lively, bright

5 ‹sentimiento/deseo› intense, strong

lo más vivo: sus palabras me llegaron a lo más vivo her words cut me to the quick

su muerte me afectó en lo más vivo his death affected me very deeply

C (avispado, astuto) sharp

ése es muy vivo y no se va a dejar engañar that guy is too smart o sharp to be taken in ( colloq)

no seas tan vivo, que ésta es mi parte don't try to be clever o to pull a fast one, this is my share ( colloq)

esos vendedores son muy vivos those salesmen are razor-sharp ( colloq)

vivo² -va

masculine, feminine

( fam)

1 (oportunista) sharp o smooth operator ( colloq)

2 (aprovechado) crafty devil ( colloq)

* * *

Del verbo vivir: ( conjugate vivir)

vivo es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

Multiple Entries:
vivir
vivo
vivir ( conjugate vivir) verbo intransitivo
1 ( en general) to live;
◊ vive solo he lives alone o on his own;

vivo para algo/algn to live for sth/sb;
vivo en paz to live in peace;
la pintura no da para vivo you can't make a living from painting;
el sueldo no le alcanza para vivo his salary isn't enough (for him) to live on;
vivo de algo ‹ de la caridad› to live on sth;

‹del arte/de la pesca› to make a living from sth;
ver tb
◊ renta

2 ( estar vivo) to be alive
3 ( como interj):
◊ ¡viva el Rey! long live the King!;

¡vivan los novios! three cheers for the bride and groom!;
¡viva! hurray!
verbo transitivo
a) ( pasar por):

◊ vivo momentos difíciles to live in difficult times;

los que vivimos la guerra those of us who lived through the war
b) ‹personaje/música› to live

c) ‹ vida› to live

vivo
◊ -va adjetivo

1
a) ( con vida) alive;

◊ no quedó nadie vivo no one was left alive;

en vivo ‹actuación/transmisión› live
b) ‹ lengua› living ( before n)

2
a) ‹ persona› (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly;

‹ descripción› vivid, graphic;
‹relato/imaginación› lively
b) ‹ color› bright, vivid;

‹llama/fuego› bright;
‹ojos/mirada› lively, bright
c) ‹sentimiento/deseo› intense, strong

3 (avispado, astuto) sharp;
◊ no seas tan vivo don't try to be clever

■ sustantivo masculino, femenino ( oportunista) sharp o smooth operator (colloq);
( aprovechado) freeloader
vivir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (tener vida) to live: vivió ochenta años, she lived to be eighty
¡aún vive!, he's still alive!
2 (estar residiendo) to live: viven en Australia, they live in Australia
3 (en la memoria) su recuerdo aún vive en nosotros, our memories of him still live on
4 (subsistir) no es suficiente para vivir, it's not enough to live on
esa gente vive de la caza, those people live from o by hunting
5 (convivir) viven juntos desde hace muchos años, they've been living together for years
II vtr (pasar una experiencia) to live through
III sustantivo masculino
1 life, living
2 (una persona) de mal vivir, loose, disreputable
♦ Locuciones: dejar vivir a alguien, (no molestar) vive y deja vivir, live and let live; familiar no vivir alguien, (preocupación, angustia) desde que tiene esa grave enfermedad, sus padres no viven, his parents have been in a state of anxiety since he's had this serious illness; familiar vivir la vida alguien, (libertad, ociosidad) ha acabado la carrera y ahora se dedica a vivir la vida, now he's finished his university studies he's going to enjoy life
vivo,-a
I adjetivo
1 alive: todavía está vivo, he's still alive
(un espectáculo) en vivo, live ➣ Ver nota en alive 2 (persona: vital, alegre) vivacious
(astuta) sharp
3 (intenso, brillante) bright
una camisa de un rojo vivo, a bright red shirt
4 (un relato, descripción) lively, graphic
(un sentimiento) intense, deep
II sustantivo masculino y femenino (persona avispada, astuta) sharp
♦ Locuciones: al rojo vivo, red-hot
familiar vivito y coleando, alive and kicking
' vivo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
actualmente
- alegre
- alta
- alto
- ardiente
- criatura
- despierta
- despierto
- emisión
- ser
- estrangular
- extremidad
- fogón
- macho
- mantener
- prodigio
- retrato
- revivir
- roja
- rojo
- salud
- subsistir
- viva
- crecer
- espabilado
- inquieto
- listo
- paseo
- posibilidad
- punta
- que
- vivir
English:
active
- actually
- alive
- alone
- animate
- animated
- bright
- brighten up
- dad
- daddy
- deep
- develop
- eat
- fur
- hot up
- image
- keen
- live
- lively
- living
- midway
- near
- on
- out
- quicktempered
- red-hot
- rich
- solid
- spit
- still
- up
- vivid
- beyond
- concert
- glow
- hedge
- hedgerow
- home
- longing
- memory
- pull
- quick
- red
- sear
- survive

* * *

vivo, -a

♦ adj

1. [ser, lengua] living

2. [tras verbo] alive;

estar vivo [persona, costumbre, recuerdo] to be alive;

su recuerdo sigue vivo entre los suyos his memory lives on among his family;

quemar vivo alguien to burn sb alive

3. [intenso] [dolor, deseo, olor] intense;
[luz, color, tono] bright; [genio] quick, hot; [paso, ritmo] lively;
un vivo interés por algo a lively interest in sth

4. [con vitalidad] [gestos, ojos] lively;
[descripción, recuerdo] vivid;
es el vivo retrato de su padre he's the spitting image of his father

5. [despierto] quick, sharp;
[astuto] shrewd, sly
♦ los vivos nmpl

the living

♦ en vivo loc adj
[en directo] live; [sin anestesia] without anaesthetic;
haremos el programa en vivo we will do the programme live

* * *

vivo

I adj

1 alive;

los seres vivo living things;

en vivo concierto live

2 fig fam

sharp, smart

3 color bright

4 ritmo lively

II m, viva f sharp operator

* * *

vivo, -va adj

1) : alive

2) intenso: vivid, bright, intense

3) animado: lively, vivacious

4) astuto: sharp, clever

5)

en vivo : live

transmisión en vivo: live broadcast

6)

al rojo vivo : red-hot

* * *

vivo adj

1. (con vida) alive

las víctimas del naufragio aún están vivas the victims of the shipwreck are still alive

los seres vivos living beings

2. (intenso) bright

colores vivos bright colours

3. (listo) clever [comp. cleverer; superl. cleverest]

es una niña muy viva she's a very clever girl

Spanish-English dictionary > vivo
13 reason

1.
['riːzn]noun

1) (cause) Grund, der

there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so

all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

for no obvious reason — aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund

for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

with reason — aus gutem Grund

2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

lose one's reason — den Verstand verlieren

you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

stand to reason — unzweifelhaft sein

not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

see reason — zur Einsicht kommen

it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
2. intransitive verb
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)

2)

reason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

you can't reason with her — mit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden
3. transitive verb
schlussfolgern

ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/90768/reason_out">reason out

* * *

rea·son

[ˈri:z^ən]

I. n

1. (cause) Grund m ( for für + akk)

the \reason [that] I'm asking is that... der Grund, warum ich frage, ist, dass...

for \reasons best known to herself, she's decided to... aus Gründen, die nur sie allein kennt, hat sie beschlossen zu...

there's no \reason to complain es gibt keinen Anlass, sich zu beschweren

give me one good \reason why I should stay nenne mir einen guten Grund, warum ich bleiben sollte

for \reasons of health aus gesundheitlichen Gründen

not guilty by \reason of insanity LAW nicht schuldig wegen Unzurechnungsfähigkeit

for \reasons of state aus Gründen der Staatsräson

there is every \reason to believe that... es spricht alles dafür, dass...

to have good/every [good]/no \reason to do sth guten/allen/keinen Grund haben, etw zu tun

the police have every good \reason to believe that... die Polizei hat allen Grund zur Annahme, dass...

for no obvious/particular \reason aus keinem ersichtlichen/besonderen Grund

for personal \reasons aus persönlichen Gründen

for some \reason aus irgendeinem Grund

by \reason of sth aufgrund [o wegen] einer S. gen

the \reason why [der Grund,] warum

the \reason why he did it was a mystery to us all [der Grund,] warum er es getan hast, war uns allen ein Rätsel

I'd like to know the \reason why ich wüsste gern, warum [o weshalb]

and that's the \reason why we decided against it und deshalb [o darum] haben wir uns dagegen entschieden

and that's the \reason why! und das ist der Grund dafür!

2. no pl (good cause) Grund m

to do sth with \reason etw aus gutem Grund tun

she was furious, and with \reason sie war wütend, und das aus gutem Grund

there is \reason to believe that... es gibt Grund zur Annahme, dass

to have \reason to believe that... Grund zur Annahme haben, dass...

3. no pl (power to think) Denkvermögen nt

the power of \reason logisches Denkvermögen

4. no pl (common sense) Vernunft f

there was \reason in what he said was er sagte, klang vernünftig

the Age of R\reason das Zeitalter der Vernunft

to reach the age of \reason vernünftig werden

to be [or go] beyond all \reason vollkommen unsinnig sein

to bring sb to \reason jdn zur Vernunft bringen

to see [or listen to] \reason auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören

they tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't listen to \reason sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagen

it stands to \reason that... es ist logisch, dass...

within \reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens

you can choose your own gift, within \reason wenn es im Rahmen bleibt, kannst du dir dein Geschenk selbst aussuchen

we'll do anything within \reason to... wir werden alles was in unserer Macht steht tun, um...

5. no pl (sanity) Verstand m

to lose one's \reason den Verstand verlieren

II. vi

1. (form judgments)

▪ to \reason from sth von etw dat ausgehen

\reasoning from past experience, she was convinced that... aufgrund ihrer [früheren] Erfahrung war sie davon überzeugt, dass...

2. (persuade)

▪ to \reason with sb vernünftig mit jdm reden

the police \reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go die Polizei versuchte, die Kidnapper [dazu] zu überreden, wenigstens die Kinder freizulassen

▪ to \reason with sb that... versuchen, jdm klarzumachen, dass...

III. vt

1. (deduce)

▪ to \reason that... schlussfolgern, dass...

▪ to \reason from sth that... aus etw [schluss]folgern [o schließen], dass...

from the suitcase in the passage, Gerald \reasoned that his aunt had arrived aus dem Koffer im Gang schloss Gerald, dass seine Tante eingetroffen war

2. (persuade)

▪ to \reason sb into sth jdn zu etw dat überreden

I \reasoned him into telling the truth ich überredete ihn, die Wahrheit zu sagen

▪ to \reason sb out of sth jdm etw ausreden

we have to \reason him out of giving up his studies wir müssen ihm die Idee ausreden, sein Studium aufzugeben

* * *
['riːzn]
1. n

1) (= cause, justification) Grund m (for für)

reason for living or being — Grund m zum Leben

my reason for going, the reason for my going — (der Grund,) weshalb ich gehe/gegangen bin

to give sb reason for complaint — jdm Anlass or Grund zu Klagen geben

the police had no reason to interfere — die Polizei hatte keinen Grund einzugreifen; (but did) die Polizei hat ohne Grund eingegriffen

what's the reason for this celebration? — aus welchem Anlass wird hier gefeiert?

I want to know the reason why — ich möchte wissen, weshalb

and that's the reason why... — und deshalb...

and that's the reason why! — und das ist der Grund dafür!

I have (good) reason/every reason to believe that... — ich habe (guten) Grund/allen Grund anzunehmen, dass...

there is reason to believe that... — es gibt Gründe zu glauben, dass...

there is every reason to believe... — es spricht alles dafür...

for that very reason — eben deswegen

with (good) reason — mit gutem Grund, mit Recht

without any reason — ohne jeden Grund or Anlass, grundlos

for no reason at all — ohne ersichtlichen Grund

for no particular/apparent reason — ohne einen bestimmten/ersichtlichen Grund

why did you do that? – no particular reason — warum haben Sie das gemacht? – einfach nur so

for no other reason than that... —

for some reason (or ( an)other) — aus irgendeinem Grund

for reasons best known to himself/myself — aus unerfindlichen/bestimmten Gründen

all the more reason for doing it or to do it — umso mehr Grund, das zu tun

by reason of — wegen (+gen)

for reasons of State this was never disclosed — die Staatsräson machte die Geheimhaltung erforderlich

2) no pl (= mental faculty) Verstand m

to lose one's reason —

to reach the age of reason — verständig werden

the Age of Reason (Hist) — das Zeitalter der Vernunft

3) no pl (= common sense) Vernunft f

the voice of reason — die Stimme der Vernunft

to listen to reason — auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören

he won't listen to reason — er lässt sich (dat) nichts sagen

he's beyond reason — ihm ist mit Vernunft nicht beizukommen

that stands to reason — das ist logisch

we'll do anything within reason to... — wir tun alles, was in unserer Macht steht, um zu...

you can have anything within reason — Sie können alles haben, solange es sich in Grenzen hält

2. vi

1) (= think logically) vernünftig or logisch denken

the ability to reason — logisches Denkvermögen

2)

(= argue) to reason (with sb) — vernünftig mit jdm reden

there's no reasoning with him — mit ihm kann man nicht vernünftig reden

3. vt

1)

to reason sb out of sth — jdm etw ausreden

to reason sb into sth — jdn zu etw überreden

to reason why/what... — sich (dat) klarmachen, warum/was...

ours is not to reason why — es steht uns nicht an zu fragen, warum

he reasoned that if we hurried we could get there by 6 o'clock — er argumentierte, dass wir um 6.00 Uhr dort ankommen könnten, wenn wir uns beeilen würden, er rechnete vor, dass wir bis 6.00 Uhr dort sein könnten

2) (= deduce) schließen, folgern; (verbally) argumentieren; (= work out) problem durchdenken

* * *

reason [ˈriːzn]

A s

1. (Beweg)Grund m (of, for gen, für), Ursache f ( for gen), Anlass m ( for gen, zu, für):

have (no) reason to do sth (keinen) Grund oder (keine) Veranlassung haben, etwas zu tun;

have reasons to celebrate Grund zum Feiern haben;

I have my reasons for saying this ich sage das nicht von ungefähr;

the reason why (der Grund,) weshalb;

for the same reason aus dem gleichen Grund oder Anlass;

for one reason or another aus irgendeinem Grund;

for reasons of health aus Gesundheitsgründen;

for reasons of space aus Platzgründen;

he did this for reasons best known to himself aus unerfindlichen Gründen; if sth like this happens, it is for a reason dann hat das (s)einen Grund;

by reason of wegen, infolge (gen);

with reason aus gutem Grund, mit Recht;

without any reason

a) auch for no reason grundlos, ohne Grund

b) völlig grundlos, ohne den geringsten Grund;

without good reason ohne triftigen Grund;

not without reason nicht ohne Grund, nicht umsonst;

there is (no) reason to suppose that … es besteht (kein) Grund zu der Annahme, dass …;

there is every reason to believe that … alles spricht dafür, dass …;

there is good reason for optimism es gibt guten Grund, optimistisch zu sein;

all the more reason ein Grund mehr (for doing, to do zu tun)

2. Begründung f, Rechtfertigung f:

reasons pl of state Staatsräson f

3. (ohne art) Vernunft f:

a) Verstand m

b) Einsicht f:

within reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens;

there is reason in what you say was du sagst, hat Hand und Fuß;

be ( oder go) beyond all reason völlig überzogen sein (Forderungen etc);

bring sb to reason jemanden zur Vernunft oder Räson bringen;

lose one’s reason den Verstand verlieren;

listen to reason Vernunft annehmen;

regain one’s reason wieder zur Vernunft kommen;

it stands to reason that … es leuchtet ein, dass …; es ist (doch wohl) klar, dass …

4. (ohne art) PHIL Vernunbft f (Ggs Verstand): → age A 4

5. → premise² 1 a

B v/i

1. logisch denken, vernünftig urteilen

2. (with) vernünftig reden (mit), (jemandem) gut zureden, (jemanden) zu überzeugen suchen:

he is not to be reasoned with er lässt nicht mit sich reden

C v/t

1. schließen, folgern ( beide:

from aus)

2. oft reason out (logisch) durchdenken:

reasoned wohldurchdacht

3. zu dem Schluss kommen ( that dass)

4. ergründen ( what was; why warum)

5. (vernünftig) erörtern:

reason away etwas wegdiskutieren

6. jemanden durch Argumente überzeugen:

reason sb into (out of) sth jemandem etwas ein-(aus)reden

7. begründen

8. logisch formulieren

* * *
1.
['riːzn]noun

1) (cause) Grund, der

there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so

all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

for no obvious reason — aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund

for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

with reason — aus gutem Grund

2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

lose one's reason — den Verstand verlieren

you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

stand to reason — unzweifelhaft sein

not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

see reason — zur Einsicht kommen

it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
2. intransitive verb
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)

2)

reason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

you can't reason with her — mit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden
3. transitive verb
schlussfolgern

ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

Phrasal Verbs:

- reason out

* * *

n.

Anlass -¨e m.

Grund ¨-e m.

Ursache -n f.

Vernunft f.

Verstand -¨e m. v.

argumentieren v.

logisch denken ausdr.

venünftig reden ausdr.

vernünftig urteilen ausdr.

überlegen v.

English-german dictionary > reason
14 set

set [set]

jeu ⇒ 1 (a) série ⇒ 1 (a) ensemble ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) cercle ⇒ 1 (b) appareil ⇒ 1 (d) poste ⇒ 1 (d) set ⇒ 1 (e) fixe ⇒ 2 (a) arrêté ⇒ 2 (b) figé ⇒ 2 (b) résolu ⇒ 2 (c) prêt ⇒ 2 (d) mettre ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) poser ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (e), 3 (i) situer ⇒ 3 (b) régler ⇒ 3 (c) fixer ⇒ 3 (f), 3 (i) établir ⇒ 3 (f) faire prendre ⇒ 3 (h) se coucher ⇒ 4 (a) prendre ⇒ 4 (b)

(pt & pp set, cont setting)

1 noun

(a) (of tools, keys, golf clubs, sails) jeu m; (of numbers, names, instructions, stamps, weights) série f; (of books) collection f; (of furniture) ensemble m; (of cutlery, dishes, glasses) service m; (of lingerie) parure f; (of wheels) train m; (of facts, conditions, characteristics, data) ensemble m; (of events, decisions, questions) série f, suite f; Typography (of proofs, characters) jeu m; Computing (of characters, instructions) jeu m, ensemble m;

∎ a set of matching luggage un ensemble de valises assorties;

∎ a set of table/bed linen une parure de table/de lit;

∎ a set of sheets une parure de lit;

∎ badminton/chess set jeu m de badminton/d'échecs;

∎ they're playing with Damian's train set ils jouent avec le train électrique de Damian;

∎ the cups/the chairs are sold in sets of six les tasses/les chaises sont vendues par six;

∎ I can't break up the set je ne peux pas les dépareiller;

∎ they make a set ils vont ensemble;

∎ to collect the (whole) set rassembler toute la collection, faire la collection;

∎ he made me a duplicate set (of keys) il m'a fait un double des clés; (of contact lenses) il m'en a fait une autre paire;

∎ a full set of the encyclopedia une encyclopédie complète;

∎ a full set of Tolstoy's works les œuvres complètes de Tolstoï;

∎ they've detected two sets of fingerprints ils ont relevé deux séries d'empreintes digitales ou les empreintes digitales de deux personnes;

∎ given another set of circumstances, things might have turned out differently dans d'autres circonstances, les choses auraient pu se passer différemment;

∎ the first set of reforms la première série ou le premier train de réformes;

∎ they ran a whole set of tests on me ils m'ont fait subir toute une série d'examens

(b) (social group) cercle m, milieu m;

∎ he's not in our set il n'appartient pas à notre cercle;

∎ we don't go around in the same set nous ne fréquentons pas le même milieu ou monde;

∎ the riding/yachting set le monde ou milieu de l'équitation/du yachting;

∎ the literary set les milieux mpl littéraires;

∎ the Markham set Markham et ses amis

(c) Mathematics ensemble m

(d) (electrical device) appareil m; (radio, TV) poste m;

∎ a colour TV set un poste de télévision ou un téléviseur couleur

(e) Sport set m, manche f;

∎ first set to Miss Williams set Williams

(f) Cinema & Television plateau m; Theatre (stage) scène f; (scenery) décor m;

∎ on (the) set Cinema & Television sur le plateau; Theatre sur scène

(g) (part of performance → by singer, group)

∎ he'll be playing two sets tonight il va jouer à deux reprises ce soir;

∎ her second set was livelier la deuxième partie de son spectacle a été plus animée

(h) British School groupe m de niveau

(i) (for hair) mise f en plis;

∎ to have a set se faire faire une mise en plis

(j) (posture → of shoulders, body) position f, attitude f; (→ of head) port m;

∎ I could tell he was angry by the set of his jaw rien qu'à la façon dont il serrait les mâchoires, j'ai compris qu'il était en colère

(k) (direction → of wind, current) direction f;

∎ suddenly the set of the wind changed le vent a tourné soudainement

(l) Psychology (tendency) tendance f

(m) Horticulture (seedling) semis m; (cutting) bouture f;

∎ tomato/tulip sets tomates fpl/tulipes fpl à repiquer

(n) (clutch of eggs) couvée f

(o) Hunting (of hound) arrêt m

(p) Building industry (paving stone) pavé m

(q) (of badger) terrier m

2 adjective

(a) (specified, prescribed → rule, price, quantity, sum, wage) fixe;

∎ meals are at set times les repas sont servis à heures fixes;

∎ there are no set rules for raising children il n'y a pas de règles toutes faites pour l'éducation des enfants;

∎ the tasks must be done in the set order les tâches doivent être accomplies dans l'ordre prescrit;

∎ with no set purpose sans but précis

(b) (fixed, rigid → ideas, views) arrêté; (→ smile, frown) figé;

∎ her day followed a set routine sa journée se déroulait selon un rituel immuable;

∎ he has a set way of doing it il a sa méthode pour le faire;

∎ to be set in one's ways avoir ses (petites) habitudes;

∎ to become set in one's views devenir rigide dans ses opinions

(c) (intent, resolute) résolu, déterminé;

∎ to be set on or upon sth vouloir qch à tout prix;

∎ I'm (dead) set on finishing it tonight je suis (absolument) déterminé à le finir ce soir;

∎ he's dead set against it il s'y oppose formellement

(d) (ready, in position) prêt;

∎ are you (all) set to go? êtes-vous prêt à partir?

(e) (likely) probablement;

∎ he seems well set to win il semble être sur la bonne voie ou être bien parti pour gagner;

∎ house prices are set to rise steeply les prix de l'immobilier vont vraisemblablement monter en flèche

(f) British School (book, subject) au programme;

∎ one of our set books is 'Oliver Twist' un des ouvrages au programme est 'Oliver Twist'

3 transitive verb

(a) (put in specified place or position) mettre, poser;

∎ he set his cases down on the platform il posa ses valises sur le quai;

∎ to set sth before sb (dish, glass) placer qch devant qn; (proposal, plan) présenter qch à qn;

∎ she set the steaming bowl before him elle plaça le bol fumant devant lui;

∎ to set a proposal before the board présenter un projet au conseil d'administration;

∎ to set sb on his/her feet again remettre qn sur pied;

∎ to set a match to sth mettre le feu à qch;

∎ to set sb ashore débarquer qn

(b) (usu passive) (locate, situate → building, story) situer;

∎ the house is set in large grounds la maison est située dans un grand parc;

∎ his eyes are set too close together ses yeux sont trop rapprochés;

∎ the story is set in Tokyo l'histoire se passe ou se déroule à Tokyo;

∎ her novels are set in the 18th century ses romans se passent au XVIIIème siècle

(c) (adjust → clock, mechanism) régler; (→ alarm) mettre; Computing (→ tabs, format) poser;

∎ I set my watch to New York time j'ai réglé ma montre à l'heure de New York;

∎ set your watches an hour ahead avancez vos montres d'une heure;

∎ he's so punctual you can set your watch by him! il est si ponctuel qu'on peut régler sa montre sur lui!;

∎ I've set the alarm for six j'ai mis le réveil à (sonner pour) six heures;

∎ how do I set the margins? comment est-ce que je fais pour placer les marges?;

∎ set the timer for one hour mettez le minuteur sur une heure;

∎ first set the control knob to the desired temperature mettez tout d'abord le bouton de réglage sur la température voulue;

∎ the lever was set in the off position le levier était sur "arrêt"

(d) (fix into position) mettre, fixer; (jewel, diamond) sertir, monter;

∎ the handles are set into the drawers les poignées sont encastrées dans les tiroirs;

∎ there was a peephole set in the door il y avait un judas dans la porte;

∎ to set a stake in the ground enfoncer ou planter un pieu dans la terre;

∎ metal bars had been set in the concrete des barres en métal avaient été fixées dans le béton;

∎ the brooch was set with pearls la broche était sertie de perles;

∎ the ruby was set in a simple ring le rubis était monté sur un simple anneau;

∎ Medicine to set a bone réduire une fracture;

∎ figurative his face was set in a frown son visage était figé dans une grimace renfrognée;

∎ she set her jaw and refused to budge elle serra les dents et refusa de bouger;

∎ we had set ourselves to resist nous étions déterminés à résister

(e) (lay, prepare in advance → trap) poser, tendre;

∎ to set the table mettre le couvert ou la table;

∎ to set the table for two mettre deux couverts;

∎ set an extra place at table rajoutez un couvert

(f) (establish → date, price, schedule, terms) fixer, déterminer; (→ rule, guideline, objective, target) établir; (→ mood, precedent) créer;

∎ they still haven't set a date for the party ils n'ont toujours pas fixé de date pour la réception;

∎ you've set yourself a tough deadline or a tough deadline for yourself vous vous êtes fixé un délai très court;

∎ it's up to them to set their own production targets c'est à eux d'établir ou de fixer leurs propres objectifs de production;

∎ a deficit ceiling has been set un plafonnement du déficit a été imposé ou fixé ou décidé;

∎ to set a value on sth décider de la valeur de qch;

∎ figurative they set a high value on creativity ils accordent une grande valeur à la créativité;

∎ the price was set at £500 le prix a été fixé à 500 livres;

∎ the judge set bail at $1,000 le juge a fixé la caution à 1000 dollars;

∎ how are exchange rates set? comment les taux de change sont-ils déterminés?;

∎ to set an age limit at… fixer une limite d'âge à…;

∎ to set a new fashion or trend lancer une nouvelle mode;

∎ to set a new world record établir un nouveau record mondial;

∎ to set the tone for or of sth donner le ton de qch

(g) (indicating change of state or activity)

∎ to set sth alight or on fire mettre le feu à qch;

∎ it sets my nerves on edge ça me crispe;

∎ also figurative she set me in the right direction elle m'a mis sur la bonne voie;

∎ to set sb against sb monter qn contre qn;

∎ he/the incident set the taxman on my trail il/l'incident a mis le fisc sur ma piste;

∎ to set the dogs on sb lâcher les chiens sur qn;

∎ the incident set the family against him l'incident a monté la famille contre lui;

∎ it will set the country on the road to economic recovery cela va mettre le pays sur la voie de la reprise économique;

∎ his failure set him thinking son échec lui a donné à réfléchir;

∎ the scandal will set the whole town talking le scandale va faire jaser toute la ville;

∎ to set the dog barking faire aboyer le chien;

∎ the wind set the leaves dancing le vent a fait frissonner les feuilles;

∎ to set a machine going mettre une machine en marche

(h) (solidify → yoghurt, jelly, concrete) faire prendre;

∎ pectin will help to set the jam la pectine aidera à épaissir la confiture

(i) (pose → problem) poser; (assign → task) fixer;

∎ the strikers' demands set the management a difficult problem les exigences des grévistes posent un problème difficile à la direction;

∎ I set them to work tidying the garden je les ai mis au désherbage du jardin;

∎ I've set myself the task of writing to them regularly je me suis fixé la tâche de leur écrire régulièrement

(j) British School (exam) composer, choisir les questions de; (books, texts) mettre au programme;

∎ she set the class a maths exercise, she set a maths exercise for the class elle a donné un exercice de maths à la classe;

∎ who sets the test questions? qui choisit les questions de l'épreuve?

(k) (hair)

∎ to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn;

∎ and I've just had my hair set! et je viens de me faire faire une mise en plis!;

∎ I set my own hair je me fais moi-même mes mises en plis

(l) Horticulture (plant) planter

(m) Typography (text, page) composer;

∎ to set type composer

(n) Music (poem, words)

∎ to set sth to music mettre qch en musique

4 intransitive verb

(a) (sun, moon, stars) se coucher;

∎ we saw the sun setting nous avons vu le coucher du soleil

(b) (become firm → glue, cement, plaster, jelly, yoghurt) prendre;

∎ her features had set in an expression of determination ses traits s'étaient durcis en une expression de très forte détermination

(c) (bone) se ressouder

(d) (start) se mettre;

∎ he set to work il s'est mis au travail

(e) (plant, tree) prendre racine

(f) (hen) couver

(g) (wind, tide)

∎ the wind looks set fair to the east on dirait un vent d'ouest

(h) Hunting (hound) tomber en arrêt

►► Theatre, Cinema & Television set designer décorateur(trice) m,f;

Grammar set expression expression f figée;

set figures (in skating) figures fpl imposées;

set meal, set menu meal menu m;

Grammar set phrase expression f figée;

set piece

(a) Art, Literature & Music morceau m de bravoure

(b) (fireworks) pièce f (de feu) d'artifice

(c) (of scenery) élément m de décor

(d) Sport combinaison f préparée ou calculée;

Sport set point (in tennis) balle f de set;

Technology set screw vis f de réglage;

Sport set scrum (in rugby) mêlée f fermée;

set square équerre f (à dessiner);

set task tâche f assignée;

∎ to give sb a set task to do assigner à qn une tâche bien précise;

Mathematics set theory théorie f des ensembles

➲ set about inseparable transitive verb

(a) (start → task) se mettre à;

∎ she set about changing the tyre elle s'est mise à changer le pneu;

∎ I didn't know how to set about it je ne savais pas comment m'y prendre;

∎ how does one set about getting a visa? comment fait-on pour obtenir un visa?

(b) (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à;

∎ he set about the mugger with his umbrella il s'en est pris à son agresseur à coups de parapluie

➲ set against separable transitive verb

(a) (compare)

∎ to set sth against sth comparer qch à qch;

∎ to set the benefits against the costs évaluer les bénéfices par rapport aux coûts;

∎ we must set the government's promises against its achievements nous devons examiner les promesses du gouvernement à la lumière de ses actions

(b) Finance (offset)

∎ some of these expenses can be set against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts

(c) (friends, family) monter contre;

∎ religious differences have set family against family les différences religieuses ont monté les familles les unes contre les autres;

∎ to set oneself or one's face against sth s'opposer résolument à qch

➲ set ahead separable transitive verb

American

∎ to set the clock ahead avancer l'horloge;

∎ we're setting the clocks ahead tonight on change d'heure cette nuit

➲ set apart separable transitive verb

(a) (place separately → object) mettre à part ou de côté;

∎ there was one deck chair set slightly apart from the others il y avait une chaise longue un peu à l'écart des autres;

∎ they set themselves apart ils faisaient bande à part

(b) (distinguish) distinguer ( from de);

∎ her talent sets her apart from the other students son talent la distingue des autres étudiants

➲ set aside separable transitive verb

(a) (put down → knitting, book) poser;

∎ could you set aside what you're working on for a while? pouvez-vous laisser ce que vous êtes en train de faire un moment?

(b) (reserve, keep → time, place) réserver; (→ money) mettre de côté; (→ arable land) mettre en friche;

∎ I've set tomorrow aside for house hunting j'ai réservé la journée de demain pour chercher une maison;

∎ the room is set aside for meetings la pièce est réservée aux réunions;

∎ can you set the book aside for me? pourriez-vous me mettre ce livre de côté?;

∎ chop the onions and set them aside coupez les oignons et réservez-les

(c) (overlook, disregard) mettre de côté, oublier, passer sur;

∎ they set their differences aside in order to work together ils ont mis de côté leurs différences pour travailler ensemble

(d) (reject → dogma, proposal, offer) rejeter

(e) Law (annul → contract, will) annuler; (→ verdict, judgment) casser

➲ set back separable transitive verb

(a) (situate towards the rear)

∎ the building is set back slightly from the road l'immeuble est un peu en retrait par rapport à la route

(b) (delay → plans, progress) retarder;

∎ his illness set him back a month in his work sa maladie l'a retardé d'un mois dans son travail;

∎ the news may set him or his recovery back la nouvelle risque de retarder sa guérison;

∎ this decision will set the economy back ten years cette décision va faire revenir l'économie dix ans en arrière

(c) familiar (cost) coûter à^□ ;

∎ the trip will set her back a bit le voyage va lui coûter cher

➲ set down separable transitive verb

(a) (tray, bag etc) poser

(b) British (passenger) déposer;

∎ the bus sets you down in front of the station le bus vous dépose devant la gare

(c) (note, record) noter, inscrire;

∎ try and set your thoughts down on paper essayez de mettre vos pensées par écrit

(d) (establish → rule, condition) établir, fixer;

∎ the government has set down a margin for pay increases le gouvernement a fixé une fourchette pour les augmentations de salaire;

∎ permissible levels of pollution are set down in the regulations les taux de pollution tolérés sont fixés dans les réglementations;

∎ to set sth down in writing coucher qch par écrit;

∎ it is clearly set down that drivers must be insured il est clairement signalé ou indiqué que tout conducteur doit être assuré

➲ set forth

1 inseparable transitive verb

formal (expound → plan, objections) exposer, présenter;

∎ the recommendations are set forth in the last chapter les recommandations sont détaillées ou énumérées dans le dernier chapitre

2 intransitive verb

literary partir, se mettre en route

➲ set in

1 intransitive verb

(problems) survenir, surgir; (disease) se déclarer; (winter) commencer; (night) tomber;

∎ if infection sets in si la plaie s'infecte;

∎ the bad weather has set in for the winter le mauvais temps s'est installé pour tout l'hiver;

∎ panic set in (began) la panique éclata; (lasted) la panique s'installa

2 separable transitive verb

Sewing (sleeve) monter

➲ set off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (alarm) déclencher; (bomb) faire exploser; (fireworks) faire partir

(b) (reaction, process, war) déclencher, provoquer;

∎ their offer set off another round of talks leur proposition a déclenché une autre série de négociations;

∎ it set her off on a long tirade against bureaucracy cela eut pour effet de la lancer dans une longue tirade contre la bureaucratie;

∎ to set sb off laughing faire rire qn;

∎ this answer set them off (laughing) cette réponse a déclenché les rires;

∎ one look at his face set me off again en le voyant, mon fou rire a repris de plus belle;

∎ if you say anything it'll only set him off (crying) again si tu dis quoi que ce soit, il va se remettre à pleurer;

∎ the smallest amount of pollen will set her off la moindre dose de pollen lui déclenche une réaction allergique;

∎ don't mention Maradona or you'll set him off again surtout ne prononce pas le nom de Maradona sinon il va recommencer;

∎ someone mentioned the war and of course that set Uncle Arthur off quelqu'un prononça le mot guerre, et évidemment, oncle Arthur embraya aussitôt sur le sujet;

∎ figurative to set sb off on the wrong track mettre qn sur une fausse piste

(c) (enhance) mettre en valeur;

∎ the vase sets off the flowers beautifully le vase met vraiment les fleurs en valeur

(d) Finance (offset)

∎ some of these expenses can be set off against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts

2 intransitive verb

partir, se mettre en route;

∎ he set off at a run il est parti en courant;

∎ I set off to explore the town je suis parti explorer la ville;

∎ after lunch, we set off again après le déjeuner, nous avons repris la route

➲ set on

1 inseparable transitive verb

(attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (cause to follow)

∎ to set the police on the tracks of a thief mettre la police aux trousses d'un voleur;

∎ to set sb on his/her way mettre qn sur les rails

(b) (cause to attack)

∎ to set a dog on sb lâcher un chien sur qn

➲ set out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (arrange → chairs, game pieces) disposer; (→ merchandise) étaler;

∎ the shopping centre is very well set out le centre commercial est très bien conçu

(b) (present → ideas) exposer, présenter;

∎ the information is set out in the table below ces données sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous

2 intransitive verb

(a) (leave) se mettre en route, partir;

∎ just as he was setting out au moment de son départ;

∎ to set out for school partir pour l'école;

∎ to set out again repartir;

∎ to set out in pursuit/in search of sb se mettre à la poursuite/à la recherche de qn

(b) (undertake course of action) entreprendre;

∎ he has trouble finishing what he sets out to do il a du mal à terminer ce qu'il entreprend;

∎ I can't remember now what I set out to do je ne me souviens plus de ce que je voulais faire à l'origine;

∎ they all set out with the intention of changing the world au début, ils veulent tous changer le monde;

∎ she didn't deliberately set out to annoy you il n'était pas dans ses intentions de vous froisser;

∎ his theory sets out to prove that… sa théorie a pour objet de prouver que…

➲ set to intransitive verb

(a) (begin work) commencer, s'y mettre;

∎ we set to with a will nous nous y sommes mis avec ardeur

(b) familiar (two people → start arguing) avoir une prise de bec; (→ start fighting) en venir aux mains

➲ set up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (install → equipment, computer) installer; (→ roadblock) installer, disposer; (→ experiment) préparer;

∎ everything's set up for the show tout est préparé ou prêt pour le spectacle;

∎ set the chairs up in a circle mettez ou disposez les chaises en cercle;

∎ he set the chessboard up il a disposé les pièces sur l'échiquier;

∎ the equation sets up a relation between the two variables l'équation établit un rapport entre les deux variables;

∎ the system wasn't set up to handle so many users le système n'était pas conçu pour gérer autant d'usagers;

∎ he set the situation up so she couldn't refuse il a arrangé la situation de telle manière qu'elle ne pouvait pas refuser

(b) (erect, build → tent, furniture kit, crane, flagpole) monter; (→ shed, shelter) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger;

∎ to set up camp installer ou dresser le camp

(c) (start up, institute → business, scholarship) créer; (→ hospital, school) fonder; (→ committee, task force) constituer; (→ system of government, republic) instaurer; (→ programme, review process, system) mettre en place; (→ inquiry) ouvrir; (→ dinner, meeting, appointment) organiser;

∎ to set up house or home s'installer;

∎ they set up house together ils se sont mis en ménage;

∎ to set up a dialogue entamer le dialogue;

∎ you'll be in charge of setting up training programmes vous serez responsable de la mise en place des programmes de formation;

∎ the medical system set up after the war le système médical mis en place après la guerre

(d) (financially, in business → person) installer, établir;

∎ he set his son up in a dry-cleaning business il a acheté à son fils une entreprise de nettoyage à sec;

∎ she could finally set herself up as an accountant elle pourrait enfin s'installer comme comptable;

∎ the money would set him up for life l'argent le mettrait à l'abri du besoin pour le restant de ses jours;

∎ the army set him up as a dictator l'armée l'installa comme dictateur

(e) (provide)

∎ we're well set up with supplies nous sommes bien approvisionnés;

∎ she can set you up with a guide/the necessary papers elle peut vous procurer un guide/les papiers qu'il vous faut;

∎ I can set you up with a girlfriend of mine je peux te présenter à ou te faire rencontrer une de mes copines

(f) (restore energy to) remonter, remettre sur pied;

∎ have a brandy, that'll set you up prends un cognac, ça va te remonter

(g) familiar (frame) monter un coup contre;

∎ she claims she was set up elle prétend qu'elle est victime d'un coup monté;

∎ he was set up as the fall guy on a fait de lui le bouc émissaire^□, il a joué le rôle de bouc émissaire^□

(h) Typography (text) composer

2 intransitive verb

s'installer, s'établir;

∎ he's setting up in the fast-food business il se lance dans la restauration rapide;

∎ to set up on one's own (business) s'installer à son compte; (home) prendre son propre appartement

➲ set upon inseparable transitive verb

(physically or verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à

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15 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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